(1)  In this chapter –

bank note means any note or bill of exchange of any person, body corporate, or company carrying on the business of banking in any part of the world, and includes a bank bill, bank post bill, blank bank note, blank bank bill of exchange, and blank bank post bill;

die includes any chip or token that may be used in exchange for money and any plate, type, tool, or implement whatsoever, and also any part of any die, plate, type, tool, or implement, and any stamp or impression thereof, or any part of such stamp or impression;

revenue paper means any paper provided by the proper authority for the purpose of being used for stamps, licences, permits, post-office money orders, or postal orders, or for any purpose whatever connected with the public revenue;

seal includes any stamp or impression of a seal or any stamp or impression made or apparently intended to resemble the stamp or impression of a seal, as well as the seal itself;

stamp includes a stamp impressed by means of a die as well as an adhesive stamp;

to forge means to make a false document in order that it may be used as genuine, and in the case of a seal or die, to counterfeit such seal or die; and the doing of any such act is forgery;

to utter means to use, offer, publish, deliver, dispose of, tender in payment or in exchange, expose for sale or exchange, exchange, tender in evidence or put off any forged document, seal, or die, with intent to defraud, knowing the same to be forged wheresoever the same may have been forged;

treasury bill includes exchequer bill, exchequer bond, exchequer debenture, inscribed stock certificate, and war bond.

(2)  A document is false within the meaning of this section if the whole or any material part thereof purports to be made by or on behalf or on account of any person who did not make it nor authorize its making; or, if, though made by or on behalf or on account of the person by whom or by whose authority it purports to have been made, the time or place of making, if material, or, in the case of a document identified by number or mark, the number or any distinguishing mark identifying the document, is falsely stated therein; and, in particular, a document is false if –

(a) any material alteration, whether by addition, insertion, obliteration, erasure, removal, or otherwise has been made therein;

(b) if the whole or some material part purports to be made by or on behalf of a fictitious or deceased person; or

(c) though made in the name of an existing person it is made by him or by his authority with the intention that it should pass as having been made by some person, real or fictitious, other than the person who made or authorized it –

or if for any reason other than those hereinbefore enumerated the document is so made as to be calculated to mislead.

(3)  For the purposes of this chapter –

(a) it is immaterial in what language a document is expressed or in what country it is expressed to take effect;

(b) forgery of a document may be complete even if the document when forged is incomplete, or is not or does not purport to be such a document as would be binding in law;

(c) in any case in which the crossing of a document is authorized or recognized by law, the crossing is a material part of the document.

(4)  Any person who, by means of any false representation as to the nature, contents, or operation, of a document, procures another to sign or execute the document, is deemed to have forged the document, and the document is deemed to be forged.